1. Samuwa da manyan abubuwan da ke cikin iskar feshi ta feshi
Ana amfani da tsarin fenti sosai a cikin injina, motoci, kayan lantarki, kayan gida, jiragen ruwa, kayan daki da sauran masana'antu.
Kayan fenti na asali —— fenti ya ƙunshi wanda ba ya canzawa kuma mai canzawa, wanda ba ya canzawa, gami da sinadarin fim da wani abu na ƙarin fim, ana amfani da sinadarin narkewa mai canzawa don rage fenti, don cimma manufar fenti mai santsi da kyau.
Tsarin feshin fenti galibi yana samar da hazo da gurɓataccen iskar sharar gida, fenti a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba mai yawa zuwa cikin barbashi, lokacin feshin, wani ɓangare na fenti bai isa saman feshin ba, yaɗuwa tare da iskar iska don samar da hazo na fenti; iskar sharar gida ta halitta daga canjin mai narkewa, mai narkewar halitta ba a haɗa ta da saman fenti ba, fenti da tsarin warkarwa za su fitar da iskar sharar gida ta halitta (an ruwaito ɗaruruwan mahaɗan halitta masu canzawa, bi da bi suna cikin alkane, alkanes, olefin, mahaɗan aromatic, barasa, aldehyde, ketones, ester, ether, da sauran mahaɗan).
2. Tushe da halayen iskar gas mai ɗauke da iskar gas
Bitar fenti ta motoci ya kamata ta gudanar da aikin fenti kafin a fara aiki, electrophoresis da feshi fenti a kan kayan aikin. Tsarin fenti ya haɗa da feshi fenti, kwarara da bushewa, a cikin waɗannan hanyoyin za su samar da iskar sharar gida ta halitta (VOCs) da feshi, don haka waɗannan hanyoyin suna buƙatar feshi maganin sharar gida na ɗakin fenti.
(1) Iskar gas daga ɗakin feshi mai feshi
Domin kiyaye yanayin aiki na feshi, bisa ga tanadin Dokar Tsaron Ma'aikata da Lafiya, ya kamata a ci gaba da canza iska a ɗakin feshi, kuma ya kamata a sarrafa saurin canjin iska a cikin kewayon (0.25~1) m/s. Babban abun da ke cikin iskar shaƙar iska shine sinadarin narkewar ruwa na fenti, manyan abubuwan da ke cikinta sune hydrocarbons masu ƙamshi (banzene uku da ba methane ba), alcohol ether, ester organic solvent, saboda yawan shaƙar iskar da ke cikin ɗakin feshi yana da girma sosai, don haka jimlar yawan iskar sharar da aka fitar ta organic solvent yana da ƙasa sosai, yawanci kusan 100 mg/m3. Bugu da ƙari, shaƙar iskar ɗakin fenti sau da yawa tana ɗauke da ƙaramin adadin hazo mai fenti wanda ba a yi masa magani ba, musamman ɗakin feshi mai feshi na fenti, hazo mai fenti a cikin sharar, na iya zama cikas ga maganin sharar iskar gas, maganin sharar iskar gas dole ne a yi masa magani kafin a fara amfani da shi.
(2) Iskar gas daga ɗakin busarwa
Fentin fuska bayan feshi kafin bushewa, son fitar da iska, feshi mai ruwa-ruwa na ruwa a cikin tsarin busar da iska mai canzawa, domin hana haɗarin fashewar sinadaran ruwa na cikin gida, ɗakin iska ya kamata ya kasance mai ci gaba da iska, canza saurin iska gabaɗaya yana sarrafa kusan 0.2 m/s, tsarin fitar da hayaki da kuma tsarin fitar da hayaki na ɗakin fenti, amma ba ya ɗauke da hazo na fenti, jimlar yawan iskar sharar gida fiye da ɗakin feshi, bisa ga yawan hayakin, gabaɗaya a cikin ɗakin feshi yawan iskar sharar gida kusan sau 2, zai iya kaiwa 300 mg/m3, yawanci ana haɗa shi da hayakin ɗakin feshi bayan an yi masa magani na tsakiya. Bugu da ƙari, ɗakin fenti, wurin zubar da najasa na ɗakin fenti, wurin zubar da najasa na ɗakin fenti, ya kamata kuma ya fitar da irin wannan iskar sharar gida ta halitta.
(3)Diskar gas mai ƙarfi
Tsarin iskar sharar bushewa ya fi rikitarwa, ban da sinadarin sinadarai na halitta, wani ɓangare na plasticizer ko resin monomer da sauran abubuwan da ke canzawa, amma kuma ya ƙunshi samfuran narkewar zafi, samfuran amsawa. Busar da firam ɗin electrophoretic da nau'in solvent topcoat suna da fitar da iskar gas mai fitarwa, amma bambancin abun da ke ciki da yawan maida hankali yana da yawa.
※Haɗarin iskar gas mai feshi:
An san daga binciken cewa iskar gas da ke fitowa daga ɗakin feshi, ɗakin busarwa, ɗakin haɗa fenti da ɗakin shafa fenti a saman fuska ba ta da isasshen yawan ruwa da kuma kwararar ruwa mai yawa, kuma manyan abubuwan da ke cikin gurɓatattun abubuwa sune hydrocarbons masu ƙamshi, ethers na barasa da kuma ester organic solvents. A cewar "Kammalallen Ka'idar Haɗakar Iska don Gurɓatar Iska", yawan waɗannan iskar gas ɗin datti galibi yana cikin iyakokin hayaki. Domin magance buƙatun ƙimar hayaki a cikin ƙa'idar, yawancin masana'antun motoci suna amfani da hanyar haƙar mai mai tsayi. Kodayake wannan hanyar za ta iya cika ƙa'idodin hayaki na yanzu, amma iskar gas ɗin da ba a yi wa magani ba ta hanyar da aka narkar da shi, kuma jimlar gurɓatattun iskar gas da babban layin rufe jiki ke fitarwa na iya kaiwa ɗaruruwan tan, wanda ke haifar da mummunar illa ga yanayi.
Hazo mai ƙarfi a cikin sinadarin sinadarai na halitta —— benzene, toluene, xylene wani sinadari ne mai ƙarfi da ke aiki a iska a cikin wurin aiki, ma'aikata bayan shaƙa iska na iya haifar da guba mai tsanani da na yau da kullun, galibi yana haifar da lalacewar tsarin jijiyoyi na tsakiya da na jini, shaƙa na ɗan gajeren lokaci mai yawan yawa (fiye da 1500 mg/m3) na tururin benzene, yana iya haifar da rashin jini a cikin fata, sau da yawa shaƙa ƙarancin yawan tururin benzene kuma yana iya haifar da amai, alamun jijiyoyi kamar ruɗani.
※Zaɓin hanyar maganin iskar sharar gida don feshi da shafi:
Wajen zaɓar hanyoyin magance ƙwayoyin halitta, ya kamata a yi la'akari da waɗannan abubuwa gabaɗaya: nau'in da yawan gurɓatattun ƙwayoyin halitta, zafin fitar da hayaki da kuma yawan fitar da su, yawan ƙwayoyin halitta, da kuma matakin kula da gurɓatattun ƙwayoyin halitta da ake buƙatar cimmawa.
1Sfenti addu'a a zafin ɗaki magani
Iskar gas da ke fitowa daga ɗakin fenti, ɗakin busarwa, ɗakin haɗa fenti da ɗakin kula da najasa na sama shine iskar sharar da ke fitowa a zafin ɗakin mai ƙarancin yawan ruwa da kuma kwarara mai yawa, kuma babban sinadarin gurɓataccen abu shine hydrocarbons masu ƙamshi, barasa da ethers da kuma ester organic solvents. A cewar GB16297 "Cikakken Ma'aunin Fitar da Iska don Gurɓatar Iska", yawan waɗannan iskar gas ɗin yana cikin iyakar fitar da hayaki. Domin magance buƙatun ƙimar fitar da hayaki a cikin ƙa'idar, yawancin masana'antun motoci suna amfani da hanyar fitar da hayaki mai tsayi. Kodayake wannan hanyar za ta iya cika ƙa'idodin fitar da hayaki mai yawa, amma iskar gas ɗin da aka zubar ana narkar da shi ba tare da magani ba, kuma jimlar gurɓataccen iskar gas da babban layin rufe jiki ke fitarwa na iya kaiwa ɗaruruwan tan, wanda ke haifar da mummunar illa ga yanayi.
Domin rage fitar da gurɓatattun iskar gas mai gurbata muhalli, ana iya amfani da hanyoyi da dama na magance gurɓatattun iskar gas mai gurbata muhalli tare da amfani da iska mai yawa. A halin yanzu, hanyar da ta fi girma a ƙasashen waje ita ce a fara tattarawa (tare da ƙafafun sharar gida don tattara jimillar adadin kusan sau 15), don rage jimillar adadin da za a yi magani, sannan a yi amfani da hanyar lalata don magance gurɓataccen iskar gas mai gurbata muhalli. Akwai hanyoyi makamantan haka a China, hanyar sharar gida ta farko (carbon ko zeolite da aka kunna a matsayin mai shara) don rage yawan amfani, sharar gida ta feshi da fenti mai gurbata muhalli, tare da sharar iskar gas mai zafi, iskar sharar gida mai tsafta ta amfani da konewar catalytic ko hanyar konewar zafi mai sabuntawa don magani. Ana haɓaka ƙarancin yawan amfani, ana haɓaka hanyar maganin halittu, fasahar gida a wannan matakin ba ta girma ba, amma ya cancanci a kula da ita. Domin rage gurɓatar iskar sharar gida da jama'a ke yi, muna kuma buƙatar magance matsalar daga tushe, kamar amfani da kofunan juyawa na lantarki da sauran hanyoyi don inganta yawan amfani da su, haɓaka sutturar da aka yi da ruwa da sauran sutturar kariya daga muhalli.
2Dmaganin sharar gida na gas
Busar da iskar sharar gida tana cikin matsakaicin yawan iskar sharar gida mai zafi, wanda ya dace da maganin hanyar konewa. Haɗarin konewa yana da muhimman sigogi guda uku: lokaci, zafin jiki, tashin hankali, wato, konewar yanayin 3T. Ingancin maganin sharar gida shine ainihin isasshen matakin konewa kuma ya dogara da yanayin 3T na sarrafa konewa. RTO na iya sarrafa zafin konewa (820~900℃) da lokacin tsayawa (1.0~1.2s), kuma tabbatar da cewa akwai matsala (iska da abubuwan halitta gaba ɗaya), ingancin magani har zuwa 99%, kuma ƙimar zafi na sharar yana da yawa, kuma yawan amfani da makamashin aiki yana da ƙasa. Yawancin masana'antun kera motoci na Japan da China galibi suna amfani da RTO don magance iskar sharar gida ta tsakiya (primer, matsakaici, busar da saman). Misali, layin rufewa na motar fasinja ta Dongfeng Nissan Huadu ta amfani da maganin rufewa na tsakiya na RTO yana da kyau sosai, yana cika cikakkun buƙatun ƙa'idodin fitar da hayaki. Duk da haka, saboda yawan saka hannun jari na kayan aikin tace iskar sharar gida na RTO sau ɗaya, ba shi da tsada ga maganin sharar gida tare da ƙaramin kwararar iskar sharar gida.
Don layin samar da shafi da aka kammala, idan ana buƙatar ƙarin kayan aikin sarrafa iskar sharar gida, ana iya amfani da tsarin konewar catalytic da tsarin konewar zafi mai sabuntawa. Tsarin konewar catalytic yana da ƙaramin jari kuma ƙarancin amfani da makamashin konewa.
Gabaɗaya, amfani da / platinum a matsayin mai kara kuzari na iya rage zafin iskar gas mai guba zuwa kusan 315℃. Ana iya amfani da tsarin konewar catalytic don maganin iskar gas mai bushewa gabaɗaya, musamman ya dace da samar da wutar lantarki ta amfani da lokutan dumama lantarki, matsalar da ke akwai ita ce yadda za a guji gazawar gubar catalytic. Daga ƙwarewar wasu masu amfani, ga iskar gas mai bushewar fenti gabaɗaya, ta hanyar ƙara tace iskar gas mai shara da sauran matakai, na iya tabbatar da cewa rayuwar mai kara kuzari ta kasance shekaru 3-5; iskar gas mai bushewar fenti mai sauƙin haifar da gubar catalytic, don haka maganin iskar gas mai bushewar fenti mai electrophoretic yakamata a yi taka tsantsan ta amfani da ƙonewar catalytic. A cikin tsarin maganin iskar gas mai shara da canza layin rufin jikin motocin kasuwanci na Dongfeng, iskar gas mai shara ta bushewar primer mai electrophoretic ana magance ta ta hanyar RTO, kuma iskar gas mai shara ta bushewar fenti mai saman ana magance ta ta hanyar ƙonewar catalytic, kuma tasirin amfani yana da kyau.
※Tsarin feshi fenti mai sharar gida na iskar gas:
Tsarin feshi na masana'antar feshi ana amfani da shi ne musamman don feshi fenti na ɗakin feshi, gyaran iskar sharar gida na masana'antar kayan daki, masana'antar kera injina, gyaran iskar sharar gida na masana'antar tsaro, gyaran iskar sharar gida na masana'antar kera motoci da kuma gyaran iskar sharar gida na ɗakin feshi na motoci 4S. A halin yanzu, akwai hanyoyi daban-daban na magancewa, kamar: hanyar danshi, hanyar sha, hanyar konewa, hanyar catalytic, hanyar sharar gida, hanyar halittu da hanyar ion.
1. Whanyar feshi ta Ater + shaƙar carbon da aka kunna da kuma cirewa + ƙonewar catalytic
Amfani da hasumiyar feshi don cire hazo da fenti da kayan da ke narkewa a cikin ruwa, bayan busasshen matatar, a cikin na'urar shaƙar carbon da aka kunna, kamar cikar shaƙar carbon da aka kunna, sannan a cire (hanyar cirewa tare da cire tururi, dumama lantarki, cire nitrogen), bayan iskar gas (tarin ya ƙaru sau da yawa) ta hanyar cire fanka cikin na'urar konewa mai haifar da ƙonewa, ƙonewa cikin carbon dioxide da ruwa, bayan an fitar da shi.
2. Wfeshi na Ater + shaƙar carbon da aka kunna da kuma cirewa + hanyar dawo da danshi
Amfani da hasumiyar feshi don cire hazo da kayan da ke narkewa a cikin ruwa, bayan an tace busasshiyar tacewa, a cikin na'urar shaƙar carbon da aka kunna, kamar cikar sharar carbon da aka kunna, sannan a cire (hanyar cirewa tare da cire tururi, dumama lantarki, cire nitrogen), bayan an sarrafa yawan sharar gas, ana cire ta ta hanyar raba abubuwan da ke cikin kwayoyin halitta masu mahimmanci. Ana amfani da wannan hanyar don maganin sharar gas tare da yawan maida hankali, ƙarancin zafin jiki da ƙarancin iska. Amma wannan hanyar saka hannun jari, yawan amfani da makamashi mai yawa, farashin aiki, iskar gas mai feshi "benzene uku" da sauran yawan iskar gas mai feshi gabaɗaya ƙasa da 300 mg/m3, ƙarancin maida hankali, babban iska (ƙarfin iska na masana'antar fenti na mota sau da yawa a sama da 100000), kuma saboda yawan iskar gas mai rufe mota, mai sake amfani da mai yana da wahalar amfani, kuma yana da sauƙin haifar da gurɓataccen abu na biyu, don haka rufewa a cikin maganin sharar gas gabaɗaya ba sa amfani da wannan hanyar.
3. Whanyar shaƙar iskar gas ta aste
Ana iya raba sharar fenti mai feshi zuwa sharar gas mai sharar fenti da sharar jiki, amma aikin sinadarai na iskar shara ta "benzene uku" yana da ƙasa, gabaɗaya baya amfani da sharar sinadarai. Ruwan sharar jiki yana shan ƙarancin canzawa, kuma yana shan abubuwan da ke cikinsa tare da mafi girman kusanci don dumama, sanyaya da sake amfani da su don nazarin sharar jikewa. Ana amfani da wannan hanyar don canja wurin iska, ƙarancin zafin jiki, da ƙarancin taro. Shigarwa abu ne mai rikitarwa, jarin yana da girma, zaɓin ruwan sha ya fi wahala, akwai gurɓatawa guda biyu.
4. AKayan aikin shaye-shayen carbon mai kunnawa + kayan aikin iskar shaka na UV
(1): kai tsaye ta hanyar kunna carbon kai tsaye shaƙar iskar gas ta halitta, don cimma ƙimar tsarkakewa ta kashi 95%, kayan aiki masu sauƙi, ƙaramin jari, aiki mai sauƙi, amma ana buƙatar maye gurbin carbon da aka kunna sau da yawa, ƙarancin yawan gurɓatattun abubuwa, babu murmurewa. (2) Hanyar shaƙar iska: iskar gas ta halitta a cikin kunna carbon shaƙar iska, cire carbon mai cike da iska da sake farfaɗowa.
5.AShaƙar carbon mai kunnawa + kayan aikin plasma mai ƙarancin zafin jiki
Bayan an kunna shaƙar carbon da farko, sannan da kayan aikin plasma masu ƙarancin zafin jiki waɗanda ke sarrafa iskar sharar gida, za su magance ma'aunin fitar da iskar gas, hanyar ion ita ce amfani da plasma Plasma (ION plasma) na lalata iskar sharar gida ta kwayoyin halitta, cire ƙamshi, kashe ƙwayoyin cuta, ƙwayoyin cuta, tsarkake iska kwatancen fasaha ce ta ƙasa da ƙasa, ƙwararrun masana a gida da ƙasashen waje ana kiransu ɗaya daga cikin manyan fasahar kimiyyar muhalli guda huɗu a ƙarni na 21. Mabuɗin fasahar ita ce ta hanyar fitar da matsakaicin ƙarfin lantarki mai ƙarfi a cikin nau'i na yawan iskar oxygen mai aiki (plasma), kunna iskar gas, samar da nau'ikan radicals masu aiki iri-iri, kamar OH, HO2, O, da sauransu, benzene, toluene, xylene, ammonia, alkane da sauran gurɓataccen iskar sharar gida ta kwayoyin halitta, iskar oxidation da sauran halayen jiki da sinadarai masu rikitarwa, da kuma samfurin da ba shi da guba, suna guje wa gurɓataccen abu na biyu. Fasahar tana da halaye na ƙarancin amfani da makamashi, ƙaramin sarari, aiki mai sauƙi da kulawa, kuma ta dace musamman don magance iskar gas daban-daban.
Btaƙaitaccen bayani game da rief:
Yanzu akwai nau'ikan hanyoyin magani da yawa a kasuwa, domin mu cika ƙa'idodin magani na ƙasa da na gida, yawanci za mu zaɓi hanyoyin magani da yawa tare don magance sharar iskar gas, don zaɓar daidai da tsarin maganinsu na ainihi don magani.
Lokacin Saƙo: Disamba-28-2022
