Lokacin da ka ga mota, tunaninka na farko zai iya zama launin jiki. A yau, samun kyakkyawan fenti mai sheki ɗaya ne daga cikin ƙa'idodi na asali don kera motoci. Amma fiye da shekaru ɗari da suka shige, zanen mota ba abu ne mai sauƙi ba, kuma ba ta da kyau sosai fiye da na yau. Ta yaya fentin mota ya samo asali har ya zuwa yanzu? Surley zai gaya muku tarihin ci gaban fasahar fenti na mota.
Daƙiƙa goma don fahimtar cikakken rubutun:
1,Lacquersun samo asali ne daga kasar Sin, kasashen yamma sun jagoranci bayan juyin juya halin masana'antu.
2, Fenti na asali na asali yana bushewa a hankali, yana shafar ingantaccen tsarin kera motoci, DuPont ya ƙirƙira bushewa da sauri.nitro fenti.
3, Fesa bindigogiya maye gurbin goge, yana ba da ƙarin fim ɗin fenti iri ɗaya.
4, Daga acrylic zuwa alkyd, ana ci gaba da neman dorewa da bambancin .
5, Daga "spraying" zuwa "rufin tsoma"tare da lacquer bath, ci gaba da bin ingancin fenti ya zo ga phosphating da electrodeposition yanzu.
6, Sauyawa dafenti na tushen ruwaa kokarin kare muhalli.
7, Yanzu da kuma nan gaba, fasahar zanen tana ƙara zama fiye da tunani.ko da ba fenti ba.
Babban aikin fenti shine anti-tsufa
Yawancin ra'ayin mutane game da rawar fenti shine ba da abubuwa masu launuka masu haske, amma daga masana'antun masana'antu, launi shine ainihin bukatu na biyu; tsatsa da rigakafin tsufa shine babban manufar. Tun daga farkon haɗe-haɗe-haɗe-haɗe zuwa ƙarfe mai tsabta na yau, jikin mota yana buƙatar fenti azaman abin kariya. Kalubalen da fenti ya fuskanta sune lalacewa da tsagewar yanayi kamar rana, yashi da ruwan sama, lalacewar jiki kamar gogewa, gogewa da karo, da kuma zazzagewa kamar gishiri da zubar da dabbobi. A cikin juyin halittar fasaha na zane-zane, tsarin yana ci gaba a hankali yana haɓaka mafi inganci da dorewa da kyawawan fatun don aikin jiki don mafi kyawun fuskantar waɗannan ƙalubale.
Lacquer daga China
Lacquer yana da dogon tarihi kuma, abin kunya, babban matsayi a fasahar lacquer mallakar kasar Sin ne kafin juyin juya halin masana'antu. Amfani da lacquer ya samo asali ne tun daga zamanin Neolithic, kuma bayan lokacin Warring States, masu sana'a sun yi amfani da tung mai da aka samo daga tsaba na bishiyar tung kuma suna ƙara danyen lacquer na halitta don yin cakuda fenti, kodayake a lokacin lacquer ya kasance. wani kayan alatu ga masu daraja. Bayan da aka kafa daular Ming, Zhu Yuanzhang ya fara kafa masana'antar lacquer na gwamnati, kuma fasahar fenti ta bunkasa cikin sauri. Aikin farko na kasar Sin kan fasahar fenti mai suna "Littafin zane-zane", Huang Cheng, mai yin lacquer a daular Ming ne ya hada shi. Godiya ga ci gaban fasaha da ciniki na ciki da na waje, lacquerware ya haɓaka tsarin masana'antar hannu da balagagge a cikin Daular Ming.
Mafi kyawun fentin tung mai na Daular Ming shine mabuɗin kera jiragen ruwa. Masanin kasar Spain Mendoza na karni na goma sha shida ya ambata a cikin "Tarihin Daular China" cewa jiragen ruwan kasar Sin da aka lullube da man tung sun ninka tsawon rayuwar jiragen ruwa na kasashen Turai.
A tsakiyar karni na 18, a ƙarshe Turai ta fashe tare da ƙware da fasahar fenti na tung mai, kuma masana'antar fenti ta Turai ta fara yin tasiri a hankali. Man tung din danyen man, baya ga amfani da shi wajen yin lacquer, shi ma wani muhimmin danyen mai ne ga sauran masana'antu, wanda har yanzu kasar Sin ta mamaye shi, kuma ya zama muhimmin danyen masana'antu ga juyin juya halin masana'antu biyu har zuwa farkon karni na 20, lokacin da aka dasa itatuwan tung. a Arewacin Amurka da Kudancin Amurka sun sami tsari, wanda ya karya ikon mallakar kasar Sin na albarkatun kasa.
bushewa baya ɗaukar kwanaki 50
A farkon karni na 20, har yanzu ana yin motoci ta amfani da fenti na tushe na halitta kamar man linseed a matsayin abin ɗaure.
Ko da Ford, wanda ya fara aikin samar da layin don kera motoci, ya yi amfani da fenti baƙar fata na Japan kawai kusan zuwa matsananci don bin saurin masana'anta saboda yana bushewa da sauri, amma bayan haka, har yanzu fenti ne na kayan tushe na halitta, kuma fentin fenti har yanzu. yana buƙatar fiye da mako guda don bushewa.
A cikin 1920s, DuPont ya yi aiki a kan fentin nitrocellulose mai bushewa (aka nitrocellulose Paint) wanda ya sa masu kera motoci su yi murmushi, ba tare da yin aiki a kan motoci masu irin wannan dogon fenti ba.
A shekara ta 1921, DuPont ya riga ya zama jagora a cikin kera fina-finai masu motsi na nitrate, yayin da ya juya zuwa abubuwan da ba na fashewa ba na nitrocellulose don ɗaukar manyan kayan aiki da ya gina a lokacin yakin. A ranar Juma'a mai zafi a cikin Yuli 1921, wani ma'aikaci a masana'antar fim na DuPont ya bar ganga na fiber auduga na nitrate a tashar jirgin ruwa kafin ya bar aiki. Lokacin da ya sake buɗewa a safiyar Litinin, ya gano cewa guga ya rikide ya zama ruwa mai tsabta, mai ɗanɗano wanda daga baya zai zama tushen fentin nitrocellulose. A cikin 1924, DuPont ya ƙera DUCO nitrocellulose fenti, ta yin amfani da nitrocellulose a matsayin babban ɗanyen abu kuma yana ƙara resins na roba, masu filastik, kaushi da masu bakin ciki don haɗa shi. Babban fa'idar nitrocellulose fenti shine yana bushewa da sauri, idan aka kwatanta da fenti na asali wanda ke ɗaukar mako guda ko ma makonni don bushewa, fentin nitrocellulose yana ɗaukar sa'o'i 2 kawai don bushewa, yana haɓaka saurin zane. a cikin 1924, kusan dukkanin layin samarwa na General Motors sun yi amfani da fenti na Duco nitrocellulose.
A dabi'a, fenti nitrocellulose yana da illa. Idan an fesa shi a cikin yanayi mai ɗanɗano, fim ɗin zai yi sauƙi ya zama fari kuma ya rasa haske. Fuskar fenti da aka yi tana da ƙarancin juriya ga abubuwan da ake amfani da su na man fetur, kamar man fetur, wanda zai iya lalata saman fenti, kuma iskar gas ɗin da ke fitowa yayin da ake ƙara mai na iya ƙara lalacewa ta fuskar fentin da ke kewaye.
Maye gurbin goge goge da bindigogin feshi don magance fatin da bai dace ba
Baya ga halaye na fenti kanta, hanyar zanen kuma tana da matukar mahimmanci ga ƙarfi da dorewa na farfajiyar fenti. Amfani da bindigogin feshi ya kasance muhimmin ci gaba a tarihin fasahar zanen. An gabatar da bindigar feshin cikakke a cikin filin zanen masana'antu a cikin 1923 da cikin masana'antar kera motoci a 1924.
Iyalin DeVilbiss don haka ne suka kafa DeVilbiss, sanannen kamfani a duniya wanda ya kware a fasahar atomization. Daga baya, an haifi ɗan Alan DeVilbiss, Tom DeVilbiss. Dokta Alan DeVilbiss, ɗan Tom DeVilbiss, ya ɗauki abin da mahaifinsa ya ƙirƙira fiye da fannin likitanci. DeVilbiss ya ɗauki abubuwan da mahaifinsa ya ƙirƙira fiye da fannin likitanci kuma ya canza ainihin atomizer zuwa bindiga mai feshi don aikace-aikacen fenti.
A fagen zane-zane na masana'antu, goge-goge suna saurin zama wanda ba a daina amfani da su ta hanyar bindigogin fesa. DeVilbiss ya shafe fiye da shekaru 100 yana aiki a fannin atomization kuma yanzu shine jagora a fannin feshin bindigogi na masana'antu da masu sarrafa atomizer.
Daga alkyd zuwa acrylic, mafi ɗorewa da ƙarfi
A cikin 1930s, alkyd resin enamel fenti, wanda ake magana da shi azaman alkyd enamel fenti, an gabatar da shi a cikin tsarin zanen mota. An fesa sassan karfen jikin motar da irin wannan fenti sannan a busar da su a cikin tanda a yi fim din fenti mai dorewa. Idan aka kwatanta da fenti na nitrocellulose, fentin enamel na alkyd yana da sauri don amfani, yana buƙatar kawai matakai 2 zuwa 3 idan aka kwatanta da matakai 3 zuwa 4 don fenti na nitrocellulose. Enamel fenti ba kawai bushe da sauri ba, amma kuma yana da tsayayya ga kaushi kamar man fetur.
Rashin hasara na alkyd enamels, duk da haka, shine cewa suna jin tsoron hasken rana, kuma a cikin hasken rana, fim din fenti zai zama oxidized a cikin sauri kuma launi zai shuɗe kuma ya zama maras kyau, wani lokacin wannan tsari na iya zama a cikin 'yan watanni kawai. . Duk da rashin amfaninsu, ba a kawar da resins na alkyd gaba ɗaya ba kuma har yanzu wani muhimmin sashi ne na fasahar suturar yau. Thermoplastic acrylic Paint ya bayyana a cikin 1940s, ƙwarai inganta ado da kuma karko na gama, da kuma a 1955, General Motors fara zanen motoci da sabon acrylic guduro. Rubutun wannan fenti ya kasance na musamman kuma yana buƙatar fesa a cikin ƙaramin abun ciki mai ƙarfi, don haka yana buƙatar riguna da yawa. Wannan dabi'ar da ba ta da kyau ta kasance wani fa'ida a lokacin saboda ya ba da izinin shigar da filayen ƙarfe a cikin rufi. An fesa varnish ɗin acrylic da ɗan ɗanɗano kaɗan na farko, yana ba da damar ɓangarorin ƙarfe na ƙarfe don samar da shimfidar haske, sa'an nan kuma danko ya ƙaru da sauri don riƙe ɓangarorin ƙarfe a wurin. Don haka, an haifi fenti na ƙarfe.
Ya kamata a lura da cewa wannan lokaci ya ga kwatsam ci gaba a fasahar fenti acrylic a Turai. Wannan ya samo asali ne daga takunkumin da aka sanya wa kasashen Axis na Turai bayan yakin duniya na biyu, wanda ya hana yin amfani da wasu sinadarai a masana'antu, irin su nitrocellulose, wani danyen kayan da ake bukata don fenti na nitrocellulose, wanda za a iya amfani da shi don yin abubuwan fashewa. Tare da wannan ƙuntatawa, kamfanoni a waɗannan ƙasashe sun fara mai da hankali kan fasahar fenti na enamel, suna haɓaka tsarin fenti na urethane na acrylic. lokacin da fenti na Turai ya shiga Amurka a 1980, tsarin fenti na motoci na Amurka ya yi nisa da abokan hamayyar Turai.
Tsarin atomatik na phosphating da electrophoresis don neman ingantaccen ingancin fenti
Shekaru ashirin bayan yakin duniya na biyu lokaci ne na haɓaka ingancin suturar jiki. A wannan lokaci a Amurka, baya ga zirga-zirga, motoci kuma suna da sifa ta inganta zamantakewa, don haka masu motoci suna son motocinsu su kasance mafi girma, wanda ke buƙatar fentin ya kasance mai haske da kyau.
Tun daga shekara ta 1947, kamfanonin mota sun fara yin phosphatize saman karfe kafin zanen, a matsayin hanyar inganta mannewa da juriyar lalata fenti. An kuma canza na'urar daga fenti zuwa shafa mai, wanda ke nufin ana tsoma sassan jikin a cikin wani tafkin fenti, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama iri ɗaya kuma murfin ya fi dacewa, yana tabbatar da cewa ana iya fentin wuraren da ke da wuyar isa kamar kogo. .
A cikin shekarun 1950, kamfanonin mota sun gano cewa duk da cewa an yi amfani da hanyar tsoma baki, har yanzu za a wanke wani yanki na fenti a cikin tsari na gaba tare da kaushi, rage tasirin rigakafin tsatsa. Don magance wannan matsala, a cikin 1957, Ford ya haɗu da PPG a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Dr. George Brewer. A karkashin jagorancin Dokta George Brewer, Ford da PPG sun haɓaka hanyar shafi na electrodeposition wanda yanzu ake amfani da su.
Ford sannan ya kafa kantin fenti na anodic electrophoretic na farko a duniya a cikin 1961. Fasaha ta farko ta kasance da lahani, duk da haka, PPG ya gabatar da tsarin suturar electrophoretic mafi girma da madaidaitan sutura a cikin 1973.
Fenti don ɗorewa mai kyau don rage ƙazanta don fenti na tushen ruwa
A tsakiyar shekarun 70s, wayewar kai game da ceton makamashi da kare muhalli da rikicin man fetur ya kawo shi ma ya yi tasiri sosai ga masana'antar fenti. A cikin 80s, ƙasashe sun ƙaddamar da sabbin ƙa'idodi masu canzawa (VOC), waɗanda suka sanya suturar fenti na acrylic tare da babban abun ciki na VOC da rashin ƙarfi mara ƙarfi ga kasuwa. Bugu da ƙari, masu amfani kuma suna tsammanin tasirin fenti na jiki zai wuce aƙalla shekaru 5, wanda ke buƙatar magance ƙarfin fenti.
Tare da madaidaicin lacquer Layer a matsayin kariya mai kariya, launi na ciki baya buƙatar zama mai kauri kamar yadda ya gabata, kawai ana buƙatar Layer na bakin ciki don dalilai na ado. Har ila yau, ana ƙara masu ɗaukar UV zuwa Layer na lacquer don kare pigments a cikin madaidaicin Layer da na farko, yana kara yawan rayuwar da ake bukata da launi.
Dabarar zanen tana da tsada da farko kuma ana amfani da ita gabaɗaya akan ƙira mai ƙima. Har ila yau, dorewar rigar ba ta da kyau, kuma ba da daɗewa ba zai bushe kuma yana buƙatar sake fenti. A cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa, duk da haka, masana'antar kera motoci da masana'antar fenti sun yi aiki don haɓaka fasahar sutura, ba kawai ta rage farashi ba har ma ta haɓaka sabbin jiyya na saman da suka inganta rayuwar gashin gashi.
Fasahar zanen da ke ƙara ban mamaki
Abubuwan ci gaba na yau da kullun na gaba na gaba, wasu mutane a cikin masana'antar sun yi imanin cewa ba fasahar fenti ba. Wannan fasaha a zahiri ta shiga cikin rayuwarmu, kuma harsashi na yau da kullun zuwa na'urorin gida sun yi amfani da fasaha mara amfani. Harsashi suna ƙara daidai launi na Nano-matakin ƙarfe foda a cikin aikin yin allura, suna samar da bawo kai tsaye tare da launuka masu haske da nau'in ƙarfe, waɗanda ba sa buƙatar fenti kwata-kwata, suna rage gurɓataccen gurɓataccen zane. A dabi'ance, ana kuma amfani da shi sosai a cikin motoci, kamar datsa, gasa, bawo na madubi, da sauransu.
Ana amfani da irin wannan ka'ida a fannin karfe, wanda ke nufin cewa a nan gaba, kayan ƙarfe da ake amfani da su ba tare da zane ba, za su kasance suna da Layer na kariya ko ma launi a masana'anta. A halin yanzu ana amfani da wannan fasaha a fannin sararin samaniya da na soja, amma har yanzu ba a samu damar yin amfani da farar hula ba, kuma ba zai yiwu a ba da launuka iri-iri ba.
Takaitawa: Tun daga buroshi zuwa bindiga zuwa robobi, daga fentin shuka na halitta zuwa fenti na kimiyyar fasaha na zamani, daga neman inganci zuwa neman ingancin muhalli, neman fasahar fenti a masana'antar kera motoci bai tsaya ba. matakin fasaha yana karuwa kuma yana karuwa. Masu zanen da suka kasance suna rike da goge-goge kuma suna aiki a cikin yanayi mai tsanani ba za su yi tsammanin cewa fentin mota na yau ya ci gaba da bunkasa ba. Nan gaba za ta kasance mafi kyawun yanayi, fasaha da zamani mai inganci.
Lokacin aikawa: Agusta-20-2022
