Idan ka ga mota, abin da ka fara gani zai iya zama launin jikinka. A yau, samun fenti mai kyau mai sheƙi yana ɗaya daga cikin ƙa'idodin farko na kera motoci. Amma fiye da shekaru ɗari da suka wuce, fentin mota ba abu ne mai sauƙi ba, kuma bai yi kyau sosai kamar yadda yake a yau ba. Ta yaya fentin mota ya canza zuwa yadda yake a yau? Surley zai gaya maka tarihin ci gaban fasahar shafa fenti na mota.
Daƙiƙa goma don fahimtar cikakken rubutun:
1,LacquerYa samo asali ne daga China, ƙasashen yamma suka jagoranta bayan juyin juya halin masana'antu.
2, Fentin kayan asali na halitta yana bushewa a hankali, yana shafar ingancin tsarin kera motoci, DuPont ya ƙirƙiro busarwa da saurifenti na nitro.
3, Bindigogi masu feshiyana maye gurbin goga, yana ba da ƙarin fenti iri ɗaya.
4, Daga alkyd zuwa acrylic, ana ci gaba da neman dorewa da bambancin ra'ayi.
5, Daga "fesa" zuwa "rufin tsoma"Tare da wanka mai lacquer, ci gaba da neman ingancin fenti yana zuwa ga phosphating da electrodeposition yanzu.
6, Sauya tare dafenti mai ruwadon neman kare muhalli.
7, Yanzu da kuma nan gaba, fasahar zane tana ƙara zama fiye da tunanin mutum,ko da ba tare da fenti ba.
Babban aikin fenti shine hana tsufa
Ra'ayin yawancin mutane game da rawar da fenti ke takawa shine a bai wa kayayyaki launuka masu haske, amma daga mahangar masana'antu, launi a zahiri buƙata ce ta biyu; tsatsa da hana tsufa sune babban manufar. Tun daga farkon zamanin haɗa ƙarfe da itace zuwa jikin farin ƙarfe mai tsabta na yau, jikin motar yana buƙatar fenti a matsayin Layer mai kariya. Kalubalen da Layer ɗin fenti ke fuskanta sune lalacewa ta halitta kamar rana, yashi da ruwan sama, lalacewar jiki kamar gogewa, gogewa da karo, da zaizayar ƙasa kamar gishiri da tabo na dabbobi. A cikin juyin halittar fasahar fenti, tsarin yana haɓaka fata mai inganci da dorewa da kyau don aikin jiki don magance waɗannan ƙalubalen.
Lacquer daga China
Lacquer yana da dogon tarihi, kuma abin kunya ne cewa babban matsayi a fasahar lacquer mallakar China ne kafin juyin juya halin masana'antu. Amfani da lacquer ya samo asali ne tun zamanin Neolithic, kuma bayan zamanin Yaƙin Jihohi, masu sana'a sun yi amfani da man tung da aka samo daga 'ya'yan itacen tung kuma suka ƙara lacquer na halitta don yin cakuda fenti, kodayake a wancan lokacin lacquer abu ne mai daɗi ga manyan mutane. Bayan kafuwar Daular Ming, Zhu Yuanzhang ya fara kafa masana'antar lacquer ta gwamnati, kuma fasahar fenti ta bunƙasa cikin sauri. Huang Cheng, wani mai yin lacquer a Daular Ming ne ya tattara aikin farko na kasar Sin kan fasahar fenti, "Littafin Zane", wanda Huang Cheng, wani mai yin lacquer a Daular Ming ya tattara. Godiya ga ci gaban fasaha da cinikin ciki da waje, lacquerware ya haɓaka tsarin masana'antar hannu mai girma a Daular Ming.
Fentin man tung mafi inganci na Daular Ming shine mabuɗin kera jiragen ruwa. Masanin Sipaniya Mendoza na ƙarni na sha shida ya ambata a cikin "Tarihin Daular China Mai Girma" cewa jiragen ruwan China da aka lulluɓe da man tung suna da tsawon rai sau biyu fiye da jiragen ruwan Turai.
A tsakiyar karni na 18, Turai ta fara amfani da fasahar fenti mai tung, kuma masana'antar fenti ta Turai ta fara samun ci gaba a hankali. Man tung na kayan masarufi, baya ga amfani da shi don lacquer, shi ma muhimmin kayan masarufi ne ga sauran masana'antu, wanda har yanzu China ke iko da shi, kuma ya zama muhimmin kayan masarufi na masana'antu a juyin juya halin masana'antu guda biyu har zuwa farkon karni na 20, lokacin da bishiyoyin tung da aka dasa a Arewacin da Kudancin Amurka suka fara bayyana, wanda ya karya ikon mallakar kayan masarufi na China.
Busarwa ba ta ƙara ɗaukar kwanaki 50 ba
A farkon karni na 20, har yanzu ana yin motoci ta amfani da fenti na asali kamar man linseed a matsayin abin ɗaurewa.
Har ma Ford, wanda ya fara samar da motoci, ya yi amfani da fenti baƙi na Japan kawai kusan har zuwa wani mataki don neman saurin kera shi saboda yana bushewa da sauri, amma bayan haka, har yanzu fenti ne na halitta, kuma rufin fenti har yanzu yana buƙatar fiye da mako guda kafin ya bushe.
A shekarun 1920, DuPont ya yi aiki a kan fenti mai busar da sauri (wanda aka fi sani da fenti na nitrocellulose) wanda ke sa masu kera motoci su yi murmushi, ba sai sun sake yin aiki a kan motocin da ke da irin wannan dogon zagayen fenti ba.
Zuwa shekarar 1921, DuPont ya riga ya zama jagora a fannin ƙera fina-finan fina-finan nitrate, domin ya koma ga kayayyakin da ba su da fashewa da aka yi da nitrocellulose don ya shanye manyan kayan aikin da ya gina a lokacin yaƙin. A ranar Juma'a mai zafi da rana a watan Yulin 1921, wani ma'aikaci a wani kamfanin shirya fina-finai na DuPont ya bar ganga na zare na auduga na nitrate a tashar jiragen ruwa kafin ya bar aiki. Da ya sake buɗe shi a safiyar Litinin, ya gano cewa bokitin ya zama ruwa mai haske, mai laushi wanda daga baya zai zama tushen fenti na nitrocellulose. A shekarar 1924, DuPont ya ƙera fenti na DUCO nitrocellulose, yana amfani da nitrocellulose a matsayin babban kayan da aka yi amfani da shi kuma ya ƙara resins na roba, masu yin filastik, abubuwan narkewa da masu narkar da su don haɗa shi. Babban fa'idar fenti na nitrocellulose shine yana bushewa da sauri, idan aka kwatanta da fenti na asali wanda ke ɗaukar mako ɗaya ko ma makonni kafin ya bushe, fenti na nitrocellulose yana ɗaukar awanni 2 kawai kafin ya bushe, wanda hakan ya ƙara saurin fenti sosai. A shekarar 1924, kusan dukkan layukan samarwa na General Motors sun yi amfani da fenti na Duco nitrocellulose.
Ba shakka, fenti na nitrocellulose yana da nasa matsalolin. Idan aka fesa shi a cikin yanayi mai danshi, fim ɗin zai yi fari cikin sauƙi kuma ya rasa sheƙi. Fuskar fenti da aka yi da ita ba ta da juriya ga tsatsa ga sinadarai masu amfani da man fetur, kamar fetur, wanda zai iya lalata saman fenti, kuma iskar gas da ke zubewa yayin sake mai na iya hanzarta lalacewar saman fenti da ke kewaye.
Sauya goga da bindigogin feshi don magance layukan fenti marasa daidaito
Baya ga halayen fentin da kansa, hanyar fenti tana da matuƙar muhimmanci ga ƙarfi da dorewar saman fenti. Amfani da bindigogin feshi muhimmin ci gaba ne a tarihin fasahar fenti. An shigar da bindigar feshi gaba ɗaya cikin fannin fenti na masana'antu a shekarar 1923 da kuma cikin masana'antar kera motoci a shekarar 1924.
Iyalan DeVilbiss sun kafa DeVilbiss, wani kamfani da ya shahara a duniya wanda ya ƙware a fasahar sarrafa atomization. Daga baya, aka haifi ɗan Alan DeVilbiss, Tom DeVilbiss. Ɗan Dr. Alan DeVilbiss, Tom DeVilbiss, ya ɗauki ƙirƙirar mahaifinsa fiye da fannin likitanci. DeVilbiss ya ɗauki ƙirƙirar mahaifinsa fiye da fannin likitanci ya kuma mayar da ainihin atomizer zuwa bindigar feshi don amfani da fenti.
A fannin fenti na masana'antu, goga yana ƙara tsufa da sauri ta hanyar amfani da bindigogin feshi. deVilbiss ya shafe sama da shekaru 100 yana aiki a fannin atomization kuma yanzu shine jagora a fannin bindigogin feshi na masana'antu da na'urorin feshi na likitanci.
Daga alkyd zuwa acrylic, mafi ɗorewa da ƙarfi
A shekarun 1930, an shigar da fenti mai siffar alkyd resin enamel, wanda aka fi sani da fenti mai siffar alkyd enamel, cikin tsarin fenti na mota. An fesa sassan ƙarfe na jikin motar da wannan nau'in fenti sannan a busar da su a cikin tanda don samar da fim mai ɗorewa. Idan aka kwatanta da fenti mai siffar nitrocellulose, fenti mai siffar alkyd enamel yana da sauri don shafawa, yana buƙatar matakai 2 zuwa 3 kawai idan aka kwatanta da matakai 3 zuwa 4 na fenti mai siffar nitrocellulose. Fentin enamel ba wai kawai yana bushewa da sauri ba, har ma yana da juriya ga abubuwan narkewa kamar fetur.
Duk da haka, rashin amfanin alkyd enamel shine suna jin tsoron hasken rana, kuma a cikin hasken rana za a yi amfani da fenti mai ƙarfi a cikin sauri kuma launin zai shuɗe nan ba da jimawa ba ya zama mara daɗi, wani lokacin wannan tsari na iya kasancewa cikin 'yan watanni kaɗan. Duk da rashin amfanin su, resin alkyd ba a kawar da shi gaba ɗaya ba kuma har yanzu muhimmin ɓangare ne na fasahar rufewa ta yau. Fentin acrylic na Thermoplastic sun bayyana a cikin shekarun 1940, suna inganta kayan ado da dorewa na gamawa sosai, kuma a cikin 1955, General Motors ya fara fenti motoci da sabon resin acrylic. Tsarin wannan fenti ya kasance na musamman kuma yana buƙatar fesawa a ƙarancin abubuwan da ke da ƙarfi, don haka yana buƙatar fenti da yawa. Wannan halayyar da alama ba ta da kyau ta kasance fa'ida a lokacin saboda ya ba da damar haɗa flakes na ƙarfe a cikin murfin. An fesa acrylic varnish da ƙarancin danko na farko, yana ba da damar flakes na ƙarfe su zama layin haske, sannan danko ya ƙaru da sauri don riƙe flakes na ƙarfe a wurin. Don haka, an haifi fenti na ƙarfe.
Ya kamata a lura cewa wannan lokacin ya ga ci gaba kwatsam a fasahar fenti acrylic a Turai. Wannan ya samo asali ne daga takunkumin da aka sanya wa ƙasashen Turai bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, wanda ya takaita amfani da wasu kayan sinadarai a masana'antu, kamar nitrocellulose, wani abu da ake buƙata don fenti na nitrocellulose, wanda za a iya amfani da shi don yin abubuwan fashewa. Da wannan ƙuntatawa, kamfanoni a waɗannan ƙasashe sun fara mai da hankali kan fasahar fenti na enamel, suna haɓaka tsarin fenti na urethane. Lokacin da fenti na Turai suka shiga Amurka a 1980, tsarin fenti na motoci na Amurka ya yi nisa da abokan hamayyar Turai.
Tsarin atomatik na phosphating da electrophoresis don neman ingantaccen fenti
Shekaru ashirin bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu lokaci ne na ƙara ingancin fenti na jiki. A wannan lokacin a Amurka, ban da sufuri, motoci kuma suna da siffa ta inganta matsayin zamantakewa, don haka masu motoci suna son motocinsu su yi kyau sosai, wanda ke buƙatar fenti ya yi kyau sosai kuma ya yi kyau a launuka.
Tun daga shekarar 1947, kamfanonin motoci suka fara amfani da sinadarin phosphate wajen shafa saman ƙarfe kafin a yi fenti, a matsayin hanyar inganta mannewa da juriyar tsatsa na fenti. An kuma canza fenti daga feshi zuwa fenti mai kauri, wanda ke nufin cewa ana tsoma sassan jiki a cikin wani wurin fenti, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama iri ɗaya kuma rufin ya zama cikakke, wanda hakan ke tabbatar da cewa wuraren da ba a iya kaiwa ba kamar ramuka suma za a iya fenti su.
A shekarun 1950, kamfanonin motoci sun gano cewa duk da cewa an yi amfani da hanyar shafa fenti, wani ɓangare na fenti zai ci gaba da wankewa a cikin tsarin da ke biyo baya tare da abubuwan narkewa, wanda ke rage tasirin hana tsatsa. Don magance wannan matsalar, a shekarar 1957, Ford ta haɗa kai da PPG a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Dr. George Brewer. A ƙarƙashin jagorancin Dr. George Brewer, Ford da PPG sun ƙirƙiri hanyar shafa electrodepositioning wadda yanzu ake amfani da ita sosai.
Daga nan Ford ya kafa shagon fenti na anodic electrophoretic na farko a duniya a shekarar 1961. Duk da haka, fasahar farko ba ta da matsala, kuma PPG ta gabatar da ingantaccen tsarin shafa fenti na cathodic electrophoretic da kuma shafa mai dacewa a shekarar 1973.
Fentin zai daɗe yana da kyau don rage gurɓatar fenti mai amfani da ruwa
A tsakiyar shekarun 1970 zuwa ƙarshen shekarun 1970, wayar da kan jama'a game da tanadin makamashi da kare muhalli da rikicin mai ya haifar sun yi tasiri sosai ga masana'antar fenti. A cikin shekarun 1980, ƙasashe sun kafa sabbin ƙa'idoji na sinadarai masu canzawa (VOC), waɗanda suka sa fenti mai acrylic tare da babban abun ciki na VOC da ƙarancin juriya ba za a iya amincewa da shi a kasuwa ba. Bugu da ƙari, masu amfani kuma suna tsammanin tasirin fenti na jiki zai ɗauki akalla shekaru 5, wanda ke buƙatar magance dorewar ƙare fenti.
Tare da lacquer mai haske a matsayin layer mai kariya, fenti mai launi na ciki ba ya buƙatar ya zama mai kauri kamar da, kawai siriri ne kawai ake buƙata don dalilai na ado. Ana kuma ƙara masu sha UV a cikin lacquer don kare launukan da ke cikin lacquer mai haske da kuma lacquer, wanda hakan ke ƙara tsawon rayuwar lacquer da lacquer mai launi sosai.
Da farko, fasahar fenti tana da tsada sosai kuma galibi ana amfani da ita ne kawai a kan samfuran zamani. Haka kuma, ƙarfin fenti mai tsabta bai yi kyau ba, kuma nan ba da daɗewa ba zai lalace ya buƙaci a sake fenti. Duk da haka, a cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa, masana'antar kera motoci da masana'antar fenti sun yi aiki don inganta fasahar shafa fenti, ba kawai ta hanyar rage farashi ba, har ma ta hanyar ƙirƙirar sabbin hanyoyin gyaran fuska waɗanda suka inganta rayuwar fenti mai tsabta sosai.
Fasahar fenti mai ban mamaki da ke ƙara zama abin mamaki
A nan gaba, idan aka yi la'akari da yanayin ci gaba na yau da kullun, wasu mutane a masana'antar suna ganin fasahar ba ta da fenti. Wannan fasaha ta shiga rayuwarmu, kuma harsashin kayan aikin gida na yau da kullun sun yi amfani da fasahar ba ta da fenti. Bakin yana ƙara launin foda na ƙarfe na nano a cikin tsarin ƙera allura, yana samar da harsashi kai tsaye tare da launuka masu haske da laushi na ƙarfe, waɗanda ba sa buƙatar fenti kwata-kwata, wanda hakan ke rage gurɓatar da fenti ke samarwa. Hakika, ana amfani da shi sosai a cikin motoci, kamar su kayan ado, grille, harsashin madubin baya, da sauransu.
Ana amfani da irin wannan ƙa'ida a fannin ƙarfe, wanda ke nufin cewa a nan gaba, kayan ƙarfe da ake amfani da su ba tare da fenti ba za su riga sun sami wani Layer na kariya ko ma Layer na launi a masana'antar. A halin yanzu ana amfani da wannan fasaha a fannin sararin samaniya da na soja, amma har yanzu ba a samu ta don amfanin farar hula ba, kuma ba zai yiwu a bayar da launuka iri-iri ba.
Takaitaccen Bayani: Daga gogewa zuwa bindigogi zuwa robot, daga fenti na tsirrai zuwa fenti na sinadarai masu inganci, daga neman inganci zuwa neman inganci zuwa neman lafiyar muhalli, neman fasahar fenti a masana'antar kera motoci bai tsaya ba, kuma matakin fasaha yana ƙaruwa. Masu fenti waɗanda suka taɓa riƙe goge da aiki a cikin mawuyacin yanayi ba za su yi tsammanin fenti na mota na yau ya ci gaba sosai ba kuma har yanzu yana ci gaba. Nan gaba zai zama zamani mafi kyau ga muhalli, mai wayo da inganci.
Lokacin Saƙo: Agusta-20-2022
